Past, Present and Future Of Multispacecraft Measurements For Space Physics

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Past, Present and Future Of Multispacecraft Measurements For Space Physics is written by Joseph E. Borovsky and published by Frontiers Media SA. It's available with International Standard Book Number or ISBN identification 2832561446 (ISBN 10) and 9782832561447 (ISBN 13).

Multi-spacecraft scientific missions for space physics have been flown since the 1960s with early missions such as IMP, VELA, Helios, and ISEE. Much of the success in understanding the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere and the physics and evolution of the solar wind has come from multi-spacecraft measurements. Multi-spacecraft measurements have been essential for studying the transport of plasma and energy, the motion of boundaries, the evolution of structure, the growth of instabilities, particle injections, and the rudiments of cross-scale coupling, and they have allowed accurate determinations of the orientation of plasma boundaries and current sheets, the geometry of magnetic field structures, the remote connections along magnetic field lines, and the direction of plasma-wave vectors. Multispacecraft missions continue into the present including planned constellation-type missions plus the use of the Heliophysics Great Observatory, a collection of data from diverse spacecraft throughout the heliosphere. Modern four-spacecraft volumetric measurements are enabling the measurement of the gradients, divergences and curls of the vector fields.