The Role of Toll-like Receptors and their Related Signaling Pathways in Viral Infection and Inflammation

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The Role of Toll-like Receptors and their Related Signaling Pathways in Viral Infection and Inflammation is written by Ralf Kircheis and published by Frontiers Media SA. It's available with International Standard Book Number or ISBN identification 2832544029 (ISBN 10) and 9782832544020 (ISBN 13).

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a powerful system for recognition and elimination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from dying cells. TLRs are mainly expressed on immune cells, but can also be present on other cell populations. Typical PAMPs include bacterial cell wall components, viral pathogens, or pathogenic nucleic acids, including viral RNA and DNA. Activation of TLRs leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons which are important for induction of the host immune response against bacterial and viral infections. However, dysregulation and overstimulation can be detrimental leading to hyper-inflammation, sepsis, and loss of tissue integrity. Furthermore, TLRs are involved in the pathogenesis of acute viral infections, including COVID-19. Consequently, TLRs are promising targets for pharmacological intervention and treatment.